Yeni Ећarkiler MecmuasД±, or The Journal of New Folk Songs. That the Armeno-Turkish cultural sphere was a world in its own right is attested to by an Armeno-Turkish guide to the works of Professor Bezjian published in Aleppo in 1932, four years after the introduction of a Latin script for Turkish, and more than a decade and a half after the tragic events of 1915. A case in point is the collection of ЕџarkД±lar, or folksongs, in Armeno-Turkish shown below, BL 14499.a.14(5). The growth of an Armenian middle class gradually permitted the flourishing of secular publication as well, allowing for the appearance of translations, adaptations and original works. Many volumes printed were religious works, for example BL 14400.c.4, shown above, a copy of the Old Testamen t. This was a situation assisted by the reticence of the Sublime Porte to authorise Ottoman Turkish printing presses, despite the expansion of Armenian, Greek and Jewish ones. It was in Armeno-Turkish that many French and other Western European works came into Turkish. The orthography was largely phonetic and based upon Western Armenian readings of the letters. Armeno-Turkish вЂ“ a rendering of Ottoman Turkish in Armenian letters вЂ“ gave rise to a vibrant publishing industry and cultural community. The two largest allographic communities were the Armenians and the Greeks. Ahd-i Atikten On Yedi Kitap, yani DoДџuЕџ KitabД±ndan Ester KitabД±nadek, or The Old Testament from Genesis to the Book of Esther. This phenomenon is referred to as allography, and, in the period before standardised orthographies, state-sponsored schooling and the mass media, it was an exceptionally common occurrence.ДЄmong the most famous of cases are the Jewish languages of Yiddish and Ladino, but in the Ottoman Empire, where secular, state-directed education was not enforced until the 20th century, Turkish in scripts other than Arabic was a matter of routine business. Now imagine that nearly every word in a text was much the same.

However, such loanwords can also be disorienting, triggering memories of oneвЂ™s mother tongue while confronting it with the sight of a totally foreign representation. In languages written in non-Roman scripts, a borrowed word вЂ“ take computer as an example вЂ“ greatly eases the task of building vocabulary it is far simpler to remember the Japanese konpyutaa than the Hungarian szГЎmГtГіgГ©p. Five years on, IndiaвЂ™s sex workers are yet to recover from demonetisationвЂ™s devastationДЇor those who have learnt foreign languages, the presence of a loanword can be both comforting and surreal.Watch: Huge crowd gathers at Gujarat recruitment centre, security forces threaten them with batons.The legend of the Indian prince who is the forefather of all Cambodians.Coronavirus: Omicron cases found in four European countries, South Africa says itвЂ™s being вЂpunishedвЂ™.What I learned by rehabilitating the worldвЂ™s smallest wild cat near Pune.

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